http://blogs.washplus.org/urbanhealthupdates/2009/06/south-africa-wastewater-management-in-informal-settlements/ from the WASHplus Project Sun, 26 Jul 2015 11:36:03 +0000 hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.1.4 http://blogs.washplus.org/urbanhealthupdates/2009/06/south-africa-wastewater-management-in-informal-settlements/#comment-33 Dr Walter Schrader Thu, 11 Feb 2010 21:35:33 +0000 http://urbanhealthupdates.wordpress.com/?p=491#comment-33 HOW TO TURN UNSAFE WATER INTO DRINKABLE WATER Step 1 If necessary: Remove particles To remove contamination with solid particles pre-filter the unsafe water with a piece of cloth or a coffee filter. This method does not remove micro-organism. You still have to disinfect with heat or chemicals. Step 2a If possible: Disinfection with heat Sufficient heat will kill micro-organisms in contaminated water already at a temperature below the boiling point. During the time needed to reach boiling point the water is heated long enough for disinfection. There is no need to boil water for 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 20 minutes, as some guide books recommend! Step 2b If heat is impossible: Chemical Disinfection A) With Iodine Iodine has advantages over chlorine in convenience and efficacy; and the taste is less offensive. It is safe for short and intermediate length use (3-6 months), but questions remain about its safety in long-term usage. It should not be used by persons with allergy to iodine, persons with active thyroid disease, or pregnant women. When the iodine is added to the water leave the preparation for 30 minutes in clear weather or 60 minutes in cloudy weather. Table of available Iodine preparations: Iodine Preparations Preparation Iodine Amount/Liter Iodine Topical Solution 2% 8 drops Iodine Tincture 2% 8 drops Lugol's Solution 5% 4 drops Povidone-Iodine (Betadine®) 10% 4 drops Tetraglycine hydroperiodide (Globaline®, Potable Aqua®, EDWGT®) 8 mg 1 tablet B) With chlorine Any common brand of liquid chlorine bleach contains 5-6 % sodium hypochlorite. For 1 liter of unsafe water use 4 drops chlorine and wait 30 minutes. For 20 liters of water add 80 drops (1 tablespoon or 5 ml) chlorine. Measuring by drops is more accurate and the preferred method. When the chlorine is added to the water leave the preparation for 30 minutes in clear weather or 60 minutes in cloudy weather. HOW TO TURN UNSAFE WATER INTO DRINKABLE WATER
Step 1
If necessary: Remove particles
To remove contamination with solid particles pre-filter the unsafe water with a piece of cloth
or a coffee filter. This method does not remove micro-organism. You still have to disinfect
with heat or chemicals.
Step 2a
If possible: Disinfection with heat
Sufficient heat will kill micro-organisms in contaminated water already at a temperature
below the boiling point. During the time needed to reach boiling point the water is heated
long enough for disinfection. There is no need to boil water for 5 minutes, 10 minutes, or 20
minutes, as some guide books recommend!
Step 2b
If heat is impossible: Chemical Disinfection
A) With Iodine
Iodine has advantages over chlorine in convenience and efficacy; and the taste is less
offensive. It is safe for short and intermediate length use (3-6 months), but questions remain
about its safety in long-term usage. It should not be used by persons with allergy to iodine,
persons with active thyroid disease, or pregnant women.
When the iodine is added to the water leave the preparation for 30 minutes in clear weather
or 60 minutes in cloudy weather.
Table of available Iodine preparations:
Iodine Preparations
Preparation Iodine Amount/Liter
Iodine Topical Solution 2% 8 drops
Iodine Tincture 2% 8 drops
Lugol’s Solution 5% 4 drops
Povidone-Iodine (Betadine®) 10% 4 drops
Tetraglycine hydroperiodide
(Globaline®, Potable Aqua®, EDWGT®)
8 mg 1 tablet
B) With chlorine
Any common brand of liquid chlorine bleach contains 5-6 % sodium hypochlorite.
For 1 liter of unsafe water use 4 drops chlorine and wait 30 minutes.
For 20 liters of water add 80 drops (1 tablespoon or 5 ml) chlorine.
Measuring by drops is more accurate and the preferred method.
When the chlorine is added to the water leave the preparation for 30 minutes in clear
weather or 60 minutes in cloudy weather.

]]> http://blogs.washplus.org/urbanhealthupdates/2009/06/south-africa-wastewater-management-in-informal-settlements/#comment-32 linda hlubi Tue, 02 Feb 2010 13:48:07 +0000 http://urbanhealthupdates.wordpress.com/?p=491#comment-32 kindly send me more information on water crisis in informal settlement in south africa kindly send me more information on water crisis in informal settlement in south africa

]]> http://blogs.washplus.org/urbanhealthupdates/2009/06/south-africa-wastewater-management-in-informal-settlements/#comment-31 Wadzanai Fri, 12 Jun 2009 12:01:23 +0000 http://urbanhealthupdates.wordpress.com/?p=491#comment-31 This is actually a question. Does your organisation have a database on the informal settlements of South Africa that are along river banks? This is actually a question. Does your organisation have a database on the informal settlements of South Africa that are along river banks?

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