Evidence Base
Source:
- Kamminga E, Wegelin-Schuringa M. 2005 . Delft, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre
Summary:
- HIV is not spread via contaminated water or poor hygiene. But a Thematic Overview Paper (TOP) on HIV/AIDS and the intersection with the water, sanitation and hygiene (WSH) sector is needed to address the devastating impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on WSH service providers; the changing demands for WSH services brought about by the effects of HIV/AIDS on households and communities, and reasons improved WSH services have a crucial role to play in slowing the progression of HIV/ AIDS. The topic is relevant not only for regions highly affected by the epidemic (mainly in Africa), but also for those with rapidly increasing infection rates, such as Asia and Eastern Europe. Topics addressed include effect on sanitation organizations and service provision, and lessons learned in preventing and mitigating the effects of HIV/AIDS from outside and inside the water and sanitation sector.
Keywords:
Best Practices and Lessons Learned Evidence Base Handwashing (Hand Washing) Household Water Treatment & Storage Sanitation/Feces Disposal
Source:
- Kgalushi R, Smits S, Eales K. 2004. Johannesburg, South Africa. The Mvula Trust and Delft, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre.
Summary:
- In South Africa, HIV/AIDS is approached primarily as a health issue; the social implications and poverty dimensions of HIV /AIDS, while recognised in policy, have not yet been translated adequately into practice. Provision of affordable, accessible and reliable public services, including reliable delivery of good quality water, and sound basic sanitation, is critical to reduce exposure to pathogens to which HIV-positive people are particularly vulnerable, support health maintenance, and reduce stress for people living with HIV/AIDS. Where water and sanitation services are inadequate or inaccessible, the time and monetary costs of accessing good quality water, in sufficient quantities, are high, particularly for HIV-infected people and their care-givers.
Keywords:
Accessing Water Evidence Base Handwashing (Hand Washing) Household Water Treatment & Storage People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) Sanitation/Feces Disposal
Source:
- Chandler R, Decker C, Nziyige B. 2004.
Summary:
- There are few documented estimates of the cost of HBC for HIV. Those studies that exist (carried out with different methodologies and contexts) show that HBC costs vary by location (rural and urban), service package, and program expansion and maturity. A number of organizations in Rwanda began to offer home-based care services in 2001 on a small scale, and the MiniSanté developed HBC guidelines in 2002. To expand HBC, basic information is needed to clarify the HBC package, including logistics and costs. This report presents the results of a study of the costs of home-based care HIV/AIDS services in Rwanda through a sample of eight HBC programs, the scope of their services, and estimates of costs of providing services per patient.
Keywords:
Evidence Base Home-Based Care
Source:
- Wegelin-Schuringa M, Kamminga E, de Graaf S. 2003. Harvey P, ed. Towards the Millenium Development Goals, 29th International Conference, Abuja, Nigeria: WED
Summary:
- For the Water and Sanitation sector, the HIV/AIDS epidemic jeopardizes the Millennium Development Goal to halve
the proportion of people who are unable to reach or afford safe drinking water, as well as the benchmark set at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg to halve the number of people without access to
improved sanitation. So far, the response of the water and sanitation sector to the HIV/AIDS epidemic has been limited; this article aims to explain the links between the sector and prevention and mitigation of HIV/AIDS, and the implications of HIV/AIDS on sector performance. In many affected countries, there is or will be a negative impact on the quantity and quality of services provided by the sector; budgets will be reduced because of a decreased tax base; sector staff performance will decline as a result of diminishing productivity and capacity; and community capacity to operate and maintain the systems will be reduced.
Keywords:
Accessing Water Evidence Base Sanitation/Feces Disposal
Source:
- Ashton P, Ramasar V. 2002. Turton A, Henwood R, eds. Hydropolitics in the Developing World: A Southern African Perspective. Pretoria, African Water
Issues Research Unit, 217–238
Summary:
- This book challenges the prevailing hydropolitics literature, which is biased in favour of international river basins where conflict is high, as this is inappropriate in Southern Africa. The point of departure is a new definition of hydropolitics as being a study of the authoritative allocation of values in society with respect to water. Emerging from this are two key elements - scale and range. In this regard, the new definition of hydropolitics incorporates all levels in society where values are allocated to water in an authoritative manner. Similarly, the complex and interconnected nature of water issues is reflected as the element of range. Chapter 16 addresses some considerations in regards to water and HIV/AIDS.
Keywords:
Accessing Water Evidence Base
Source:
- Fox S et al. 2002. Cape Town, South Africa, POLICY Project.
Summary:
- This report outlines information from a literature review and field research pertaining to the key differences and similarities between the hospice ICHC model and other home-based care models used in South Africa; reviews the core elements of the ICHC model; and highlights best practices of the model.
Keywords:
Best Practices and Lessons Learned Community-Based Care Evidence Base Home-Based Care Hospice
Source:
- WEF. 2000. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Federation
Summary:
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the disease that results from Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. For AIDS to occur, HIV must be transmitted to and infect a person. The possibility of HIV entering municipal sewer systems has prompted inquiries as to whether HIV may be transmitted through contact with wastewater or biosolids. Research has refuted links between contact with wastewater and biosolids and HIV transmission. Additionally, researchers have concluded laboratory reconstruction studies and studies of others suggest there is likely to be minimal or no HIV-related environmental hazard to waste treatment personnel.
Keywords:
Evidence Base Sanitation/Feces Disposal
Source:
- Mata L. 1988. Dialogue Diarrhoea, (35):3.
Summary:
- Patients with AIDS are particularly susceptible to gut colonization or invasion by common enteroviruses, resulting in acute diarrhea, chronic diarrhea, and wasting. Bacterial overgrowth may develop in the small intestine of AIDS victims, causing chronic diarrhea and malabsorption, and since gut pathogens are significantly more prevalent in developing countries, they are likely to play a greater role in AIDS than in developed countries. In addition, management of AIDS diarrhea is complicated by the difficulties in eliminating the agent and associated symptoms, and by the critical condition of the patient; thus, efforts to improve personal hygiene and environmental sanitation should be given a high priority in less developed countries.
Keywords:
Diarrheal Diseases Evidence Base Handwashing (Hand Washing) Journal Articles People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) Sanitation/Feces Disposal
